Efectividad de antimicrobianos como coadyuvantes del raspado y alisado radicular en el tratamiento de la periodontitis del adulto

Fundamento: existen escasos estudios que evalúen la aplicación subgingival de antimicrobianos en el tratamiento de la periodontitis del adulto. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de antimicrobianos como coadyuvantes del raspado y alisado radicular en el tratamiento de la periodontitis leve y moderada del adulto. Métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención terapéutica, realizado en la Clínica Estomatológica de Santiago de Cuba, entre noviembre 2018 y septiembre 2021, sobre 144 pacientes con diagnóstico de periodontitis crónica leve y moderada. Mediante el método probabilístico aleatorio simple, se conformaron tres grupos con 48 integrantes, de forma voluntaria. El grupo control tratado con el raspado y alisado radicular y dos grupos de estudio en que, además, se aplicó una concentración subgingival de tetraciclina y azitromicina, respectivamente. Los pacientes fueron examinados y evaluados a los siete días, al mes y tres meses. Se empleó el análisis de varianza ANOVA para evaluar la igualdad de medias y la prueba ji-cuadrado para la efectividad de curación con un 95 % de confiabilidad. Resultados: hubo reducción de profundidad de sondaje y mayor ganancia de inserción clínica en los tres grupos, pero a favor de los grupos de estudio. Todas las terapias fueron efectivas, pero obtuvo mayor curación el grupo dos (RAR + Tetraciclina) con 97,9 %. Conclusiones: las aplicaciones subgingivales de tetraciclina y azitromicina resultaron efectivas como coadyuvantes del raspado y alisado radicular en el tratamiento de la periodontitis leve y moderada del adulto; con la tetraciclina se logró mayor mejoramiento de parámetros clínicos, disminución de profundidad de sondaje, ganancia de inserción clínica y menor tiempo de curación.

Background: there are few studies that evaluate the subgingival application of antimicrobials in adult periodontitis. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobials as contributing for scaling and root planing in the treatment of mild and moderate periodontitis in adults. Methods: quasi-experimental study of therapeutic intervention, carried out at the Santiago de Cuba Stomatological Clinic, between November 2018 and September 2021, on 144 patients diagnosed with mild and moderate chronic periodontitis. Using the simple random probabilistic method, three groups with 48 members were formed voluntarily. The control group treated with scaling and root planing and two study groups in which, in addition, a subgingival concentration of tetracycline and azithromycin, respectively, was applied. The patients were examined and evaluated at seven days, one month and three months. ANOVA analysis of variance was used to evaluate the equality of means and the chi-square test for the effectiveness of healing with 95% reliability. Results: there was a reduction in probing depth and greater gain in clinical attachment in the three groups, but in favor of the study groups. All therapies were effective, but group two (RAR + Tetracycline) obtained a greater cure with 97.9%. Conclusions: subgingival applications of tetracycline and azithromycin were effective as adjuvants for scaling and root planing in mild and moderate periodontitis in adults; Tetracycline achieved greater improvement in clinical parameters, decreased probing depth, gain in clinical attachment, and shorter healing time.

Evaluating bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in isolated bacteria from food contact surfaces / Evaluación de la resistencia bacteriana a los antimicrobianos en bactérias aisladas de superficies en contacto con alimentos / Avaliação da resistência bacteriana a antimicrobianos em bactérias isoladas de superfícies em contacto com alimentos

ABSTRACT Bacteria isolated from food contact surfaces, can transfer resistance factors when exposed to pressure exerted by inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate bacterial resistance against antibiotics and disinfectants commonly used (NaOCl and CH3COOH) in bacteria isolated from food contact surfaces. Additionally, using PCR, the presence of tetracycline resistance genes was evaluated. Results showed that 47% of the isolates exhibit resistance against more than one antibiotic, being Tetracycline the antibiotic that most isolates were resistant to (35.3%). A PCR analysis found that the tet M gene is the most frequent of the genes tested. Likewise, it was evidenced that although NaOCl is effective as a surface disinfectant, Aerococcus urinae and Kocuria kristinae isolates could resist up to 10 min of exposure. Likewise, all isolates were resistant to CH3COOH, demonstrating the low inhibitory capacity of this disinfectant. Finally, the observed correlation between resistance to antibiotics and resistance to disinfectants is confirmed. An important factor that should be studied since the generalized use of disinfectants can increase the spectrum of antibiotic resistance.

RESUMEN Bacterias aisladas de superficies en contacto con alimentos pueden transferir factores de resistencia cuando se exponen a presiones ejercidas por el uso inadecuado de agentes antimicrobianos. En este estudio se evaluó la resistencia bacteriana frente a antibióticos y desinfectantes de uso común (NaOCl y CH3COOH) en bacterias aisladas de superficies en contacto con alimentos. Adicionalmente, mediante la PCR se evaluó la presencia de genes de resistencia a la Tetraciclina. Los resultados mostraron que el 47% de los aislados presentaron resistencia a más de un antibiótico, siendo la Tetraciclina al que la mayoría de los aislamientos fueron resistentes (35,3%). El análisis de PCR encontró que el gen tet M fue el más frecuente. Además, se evidenció que, si bien el NaOCl es efectivo como desinfectante de superficies, Aerococcus urinae y Kocuria kristinae pudieron resistir hasta 10 minutos de exposición. Igualmente, todos los aislados fueron resistentes a CH3COOH, demostrando la baja capacidad inhibitoria de este desinfectante. Finalmente, se confirma una correlación entre la resistencia a antibióticos y desinfectantes. Un factor importante que conviene estudiar ya que el uso generalizado de desinfectantes podría incrementar el espectro de resistencia a los antibióticos.

RESUMO Bactérias isoladas de superfícies em contacto com alimentos podem transferir factores de resistência quando expostas a tensões exercidas pela utilização inadequada de agentes antimicrobianos. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos e desinfectantes comummente utilizados (NaOCl e CH3COOOH) em bactérias isoladas de superfícies em contacto com alimentos. Além disso, a presença de genes de resistência à tetraciclina foi avaliada por PCR. Os resultados mostraram que 47% dos isolados mostraram resistência a mais do que um antibiótico, sendo a Tetraciclina a que a maioria dos isolados era resistente (35,3%). A análise PCR constatou que o gene tet M era o mais frequente. Além disso, era evidente que, embora NaOCl seja eficaz como desinfectante de superficie, Aerococcus urinae e Kocuria kristinae foram capazes de resistir até l0 minutos de exposição. Da mesma forma, todos os isolados eram resistentes ao CH3COOH, demonstrando a baixa capacidade inibitória deste desinfectante. Finalmente, é confirmada uma correlação entre a resistência aos antibióticos e a resistência aos desinfectantes. Este é um factor importante que deve ser estudado uma vez que a utilização generalizada de desinfectantes poderia aumentar o espectro da resistência aos antibióticos.

Chlamydia infection resembling ulcerative colitis: case report / Infecção por clamídia lembrando retocolite ulcerativa: relato de caso

Introduction: The diagnosis of ulcerative colitis is relatively complex because the symptoms are similar to those seen in several other diseases. Objective: To report a case of rectal chlamydial infection whose initial symptoms resembled ulcerative colitis. Case report: A 50-year-old male patient presented with diarrhea, blood and mucus in the stools, and an ulcer in the rectum. The histopathological exam pointed to chronic, unspecified inflammation. After a broad serological screening, with Immunoglobulin M positive for Chlamydia and a high titer of immunoglobulin G, the patient was treated with antibiotics and is clinically cured. Later, he remained Immunoglobulin M positive, but the titers of immunoglobulin G lowered considerably. Chlamydia has been shown to live in the gut microbiota, which could explain the case. Conclusion: It is important to search for chlamydial infection as a differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis.

Introdução: A retocolite ulcerativa é uma condição clínica de diagnóstico relativamente complexo, uma vez que apresenta sinais e sintomas comuns a muitas outras doenças. Objetivo: Relatar um caso de infecção anorretal por clamídia, cujos sintomas iniciais se pareciam com os de retocolite ulcerativa. Relato de caso: Paciente de 50 anos, do sexo masculino, apresentou-se com diarreia, muco e sangue nas fezes, e úlcera no canal anorretal. O exame histopatológico mostrou um processo inflamatório crônico e inespecífico, então procedeu-se a amplo rastreamento sorológico, que revelou Imunoglobulina M positivo para clamídia e altos títulos de Imunoglobulina G. O paciente foi tratado com antibióticos e encontra-se clinicamente curado. No seguimento, permanece com Imunoglobulina M positivo, mas os títulos de Imunoglobulina G decresceram consideravelmente. Bactérias do gênero Chlamydia têm sido reportadas como parte da microbiota intestinal, o que poderia explicar tal comportamento sorológico. Conclusão: É importante rastrear por clamídia como diagnóstico diferencial das suspeitas de retocolite ulcerativa

Efecto antimicrobiano de tetraciclina 2% y clorhexidina 0, 12% sobre biofilm dental de pilares de cicatrización / Antimicrobial effect of 2% tetracycline and 0, 12% chlorhexidine on dental biofilm of healing abutments

Objetivo. Comparar el efecto antimicrobiano de la tetraciclina en gel al 2% y de la clorhexidina en gel al 0,12% sobre el biofilm dental de pilares de cicatrización en implantes dentales. Métodos. Estudio experimental en laboratorio, de corte transversal. Se tomaron 25 muestras de biofilm dental presente en los pilares de cicatrización de implantes dentales de la zona en contacto con la mucosa del surco periimplantario de 19 pacientes. Las muestras fueron sembradas en placas Petri con agar Schaedler, a las cuales se les hizo tres pocillos, en uno se colocó tetraciclina en gel al 2%, en otro clorhexidina en gel al 0,12% y en el último agua destilada en cantidades iguales. Las placas Petri fueron incubadas a 37 °C en medio anaerobio por 96 horas luego de los cuales se midieron los halos de inhibición. Resultados. Ambos geles inhibieron el crecimiento de biofilmdental. La tetraciclina en gel al 2% obtuvo mayores diámetros de halos de inhibición que la clorhexidina en gel al 0,12%, con un máximo de 51 mm y 17 mm respectivamente y un mínimo de 21 mm y 10 mm respectivamente, con medias de 35 mm y 12.84 mm respectivamente. Conclusiones. La tetraciclina en gel al 2% tuvo un mayor efecto antimicrobiano en comparación a la clorhexidina en gel al 0,12% sobre el biofilm dental tomado de pilares de cicatrización de implantes dentales.

Objective. To compare the antimicrobial effect of 2% tetracycline gel and 0,12% chlorhexidine gel on the dental biofilm of healing abutments on dental implants. Methods.This was an in vitro experimental cross-sectional study. Twenty-five biofilm samples were taken from the dental biofilm present on the area in contact with mucosa and the peri-implant groove of healing abutments of 19 patients. The samples were sowed in Petri dishes with Schaedler agar, three wells were made with a sterile punch and in each one tetracycline 2% in gel, 0,12% chlorhexidine in gel, and distilled water were placed in equal quantities. Then Petri dishes were incubated at 37 °C in an anaerobic medium for 48 hours after which inhibition halos were measured. Results. Both gels were inhibitors of dental biofilm growth. Tetracycline 2% in gel obtained larger diameters of inhibition halos than chlorhexidine 0,12% in gel, with a maximum of 51 mm and 17 mm respectively and a minimum of 21 mm and 10 mm, with means of 35 mm and 12.84 mm respectively. Conclusions. Tetracycline at 2% in gel had a higher antimicrobial effect than 0,12% in gel chlorhexidine on dental biofilm taken from healing abutments of dental implants.

Anti-Ehrlichia properties of the dichloromethane fraction of Ageratum conyzoides associated with doxycycline: In vitro study / Propriedades anti-Ehrlichia da fração diclorometânica de Ageratum conyzoides associada com doxiciclina: estudo in vitro

ABSTRACT: The increasing number of cases of canine ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis in hospitals and veterinary clinics has demonstrated the need for a new drug protocol for this disease. Doxycycline is used to treat ehrlichiosis, but the resistance of the microorganism to this treatment protocol, as well as the various side effects to the animals, has become a concern. Several studies have shown a positive interaction with extracts of plants and drugs, which allow for the reduction of the concentration necessary to produce the desired effect, minimizing adverse effects. This study determined the efficiency of the combination of the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of Ageratum conyzoides L. with anti-Ehrlichia activity and doxycycline by using the checkerboard assay. Plant material was collected in São Luís, northeastern Brazil, followed by extraction in MeOH: H2O (8:2) and partitioning of the DCM fraction. After determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the fraction under study against DH82 cells infected with Ehrlichia canis, it was combined with doxycycline to derive the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (CIF Index). A reduction of 5.83 times the doxycycline minimum inhibitory concentration was observed, showing that this fraction of A. conyzoides composed predominantly by the class of lignans, identified by mass spectrometry notably intensified the activity of doxycycline against E. canis, resulting in a synergistic effect.

RESUMO: O crescente número de casos de erliquiose canina por Ehrlichia canis em hospitais e clínicas veterinárias tem demonstrado a necessidade de um novo protocolo de medicamentos para essa doença. A doxiciclina é usada para tratar a erliquiose, mas a resistência do microrganismo a esse protocolo de tratamento, bem como os diversos efeitos colaterais para os animais, tornou-se uma preocupação. Vários estudos têm demonstrado interação positiva com extratos de plantas e fármacos, que permitem a redução da concentração necessária para produzir o efeito desejado, minimizando os efeitos adversos. Este estudo determinou a eficiência da combinação da fração diclorometânica (DCM) de Ageratum conyzoides L. com atividade anti-Ehrlichia canis associada com doxiciclina por meio do ensaio de Checkerboard. O material vegetal foi coletado em São Luís, Maranhão, nordeste do Brasil, seguido pela extração em MeOH:H2O (8:2) e partição da fração diclorometânica. Após a determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) da fração em estudo frente às células DH82 infectadas com Ehrlichia canis, a mesma foi combinada com a doxiciclina para derivação do Índice de Concentração Inibitória da Fração (Índice CIF). Observou-se uma redução de 5,83 vezes a concentração inibitória mínima da doxiciclina mostrando que esta fração de A. conyzoides, composta predominantemente por lignanas identificadas por espectrometria de massas, notavelmente intensificou a atividade desse fármaco contra E. canis, resultando em um efeito sinérgico.

Atovaquone, chloroquine, primaquine, quinine and tetracycline: antiproliferative effects of relevant antimalarials on Neospora caninum / Atovaquona, cloroquina, primaquina, quinino e tetraciclina: efeitos antiproliferativos de antimaláricos relevantes em Neospora caninum

Abstract Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes abortion in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses. There is no commercial treatment for neosporosis, and drug repositioning is a fast strategy to test possible candidates against N. caninum. In this article, we describe the effects of atovaquone, chloroquine, quinine, primaquine and tetracycline on N. caninum proliferation. The IC50 concentrations in N. caninum were compared to the current information based on previous studies for Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii, correlating to the described mechanisms of action of each tested drug. The inhibitory patterns indicate similarities and differences among N. caninum, Plasmodium and T. gondii. For example, atovaquone demonstrates high antiparasitic activity in all the analyzed models, while chloroquine does not inhibit N. caninum. On the other hand, tetracycline is effective against Plasmodium and N. caninum, despite its low activity in T. gondii models. The repurposing of antimalarial drugs in N. caninum is a fast and inexpensive way to develop novel formulations using well-established compounds.

Resumo Neospora caninum é um parasita Apicomplexa relacionado a abortos no gado bovino, que resultam em impactos econômicos. Não há tratamento comercial para neosporosis e o reposicionamento de drogas indica uma estratégia rápida para testar candidatos anti-N. caninum. Neste artigo, são descritos os efeitos da atovaquona, cloroquina, quinino, primaquine e tetraciclina na proliferação de N. caninum. As concentrações IC50 em N. caninum foram comparadas com a informação disponível, baseada em estudos publicados previamente para Plasmodium e Toxoplasma gondii, incluindo a correlação com os mecanismos de ação descritos para cada droga testada. Os padrões de inibição indicam pontos de similaridades e diferenças entre N. caninum, Plasmodium e T. gondii. Por exemplo, a atovaquona demonstra uma alta atividade antiparasitária em todos os modelos testados, enquanto a cloroquina não inibe N. caninum. Por outro lado, a tetraciclina é efetiva contra Plasmodium e N. caninum, em contraste com a baixa atividade em modelos de T. gondii. O reposicionamento de drogas antimaláricas em N. caninum é uma forma rápida e de baixo custo para o desenvolvimento de novas formulações que usam compostos bem estabelecidos.

Estudo experimental de implantes com superfície ativada pela tetraciclina: caracterização topográfica, histométrica, histoquímica e imunohistoquímica / Experimental study of implants with surface activated by tetracycline: topographic, histometric, histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics

Modificações topográficas e físico-químicas da superfície dos implantes têm sido propostas para aumentar a porcentagem de contato osso-implante, principalmente em áreas de tecido ósseo de menor densidade, favorecer as respostas biológicas em um período de reparo mais curto e, consequentemente, favorecer o sucesso a longo prazo dos implantes osseointegráveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar experimentalmente a modificação de superfície de implantes dentários pela adição de tetraciclina com avaliações pela Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS), medidas do ângulo de contato e processo de reparo peri-implantar pelo método imunohistomorfometrico. Foram utilizados quarenta e oito implantes (1,6mm de diâmetro e 4,0 mm de comprimento) e 6 discos de titânio (6mm de diâmetro e 1,5 mm de espessura) divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Tratamento Ácido (GA) e Grupo Tratamento Tetraciclina (GT). Para análise topográfica utilizou seis implantes com distribuição igual entre os grupos. Para a análise de rugosidade utilizou-se os 6 discos de titânio com distribuição igual entre os grupos. Para os testes em animais foram utilizados 42 implantes e 42 ratos Wistar igualmente divididos em dois grupos com implantes instalados na tíbia e divididos em três períodos experimentais: 7,30 e 60 dias. Os espécimes foram processados para avaliação histológica e imunoistoquímica. Resultados: A topografia de superfície revelou que GA apresentava microcavidades de rugosidade homogênea, sem contaminação da superfície e com picos de titânio e oxigênio. GT apresentou superfície mais homogênea e regular quando comparado GA, também revelou picos de titânio e oxigênio predominantemente, com presença de discretos picos correspondentes aos elementos cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), Carbono (C) e Magnésio. GA não apresentou molhamento enquanto GT apresentou um molhamento parcial. Comparando os valores das porcentagens da extensão de tecido ósseo em contato com a superfície do implante (BIC) e a área ocupada por tecido ósseo nas três primeiras roscas do implante (BAFO) apenas em 30 dias apresentou diferença estatística significativa (p< 0,05). Os resultados imunohistomorfométricos apontam para a elevada sequência dinâmica dos processos biológicos de reparo nos primeiros 30 dias após a inserção do implante em ambos os grupos, tendendo ao equilíbrio aos 60 dias. Conclusão A superfície ativada pela tetraciclina se mostrou biocompatível, com ausência de reações inflamatórias junto ao tecido peri-implantar e uma ossificação adequada, sendo qualitativamente e quantitativamente superior ao grupo controle, sugerindo uma osseointegração precoce(AU)

Topographic and physical-chemical modifications of the surface of the implants have been proposed to increase the percentage of bone-implant contact, especially in areas of lower density bone tissue, favor biological responses in a shorter repair period and, consequently, favor the long-term success of osseointegrated implants. The objective of this work was to experimentally evaluate the surface modification of dental implants by adding tetracycline with evaluations by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Dispersive Energy (EDS), contact angle measurements and peri-implant repair process by the immunohistomorphometric method. Forty-eight implants (1.6 mm in diameter and 4.0 mm in length) and 6 titanium discs (6 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness) were used, divided into two groups: Acid Treatment Group (GA) and Group Tetracycline treatment (GT). For topographic analysis, six implants were used with equal distribution between groups. For the roughness analysis, the 6 titanium discs were used with equal distribution between the groups. For the animal tests, 42 implants and 42 Wistar rats were equally divided into two groups with implants installed in the tibia and divided into three experimental periods: 7, 30 and 60 days. The specimens were processed for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Results: The surface topography revealed that GA had homogeneous roughness microcavities, without surface contamination and with titanium and oxygen peaks. GT showed a more homogeneous and regular surface when compared to GA, it also revealed titanium and oxygen peaks predominantly, with the presence of discrete peaks corresponding to the elements calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), carbon (C) and magnesium. GA showed no wetting while GT showed partial wetting. Comparing the values of the percentages of bone tissue extension in contact with the implant surface (BIC) and the area occupied by bone tissue in the first three implant threads (BAFO) in only 30 days, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The immunohistomorphometric results point to the high dynamic sequence of biological repair processes in the first 30 days after insertion of the implant in both groups, tending to balance at 60 days. Conclusion The surface activated by tetracycline proved to be biocompatible, with no inflammatory reactions close to the peri-implant tissue and adequate ossification, being qualitatively and quantitatively superior to the control group, suggesting early osseointegration(AU)

Fibronectin-binding Protein F1 (prtF1) Gene Is Highly Distributed in Tetracycline-resistant, Erythromycin-sensitive Streptococcus pyogenes Isolates

@#Introduction: The internalization process of group A streptococci (GAS) into human cells is one of the crucial steps in the pathogenesis of GAS infections, which could also affect their susceptibility responses toward several antibiotics. Currently, data on the distribution of internalization-associated genes and susceptibility patterns are still lacking in Malaysia. This study investigated the distribution of fibronectin-binding protein F1 (prtF1) and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (speB) genes in GAS isolates with their susceptibility profiles and source of samples. Methods: We used 43 GAS isolates from our previous stock culture and performed antibiotic susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and interpreted the results according to the established guidelines. We detected virulence (prtF1 and speB) and resistance (ermA, ermB, mefA, tetM and lnuA) genes by PCR method using established primers and protocols. Results: High resistance rates were observed against doxycycline (58.1%) and clindamycin (16.3%). In comparison, 100.0% and 46.5% of GAS isolates carried speB and prtF1 genes, respectively. tetM and lnuA genes were detected in all respective resistant isolates (100% for each). No macrolide resistance genes were detected. Interestingly, prtF1 gene was highly distributed in doxycycline-resistant than doxycycline-sensitive isolates (60.0% versus 27.8%). Conclusions: High resistance rate of GAS toward doxycycline in our study may potentially reflect the uncontrol dissemination of tetM gene among our isolates. The presence of prtF1 gene among this strain would enhance its ability to evade the intracellular action of antibiotics, which may affect the management of GAS diseases. Thus, close monitoring of GAS by molecular methods is required in the future.

Effect of ceramic materials on the optical properties of porcelain veneers for tetracycline-stained teeth / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To analyze the chromatic properties and translucency of porcelain veneers made from different ceramic materials against the background of tetracycline-stained teeth.@*METHODS@#Porcelain specimens (A1, A3, B2, B4) measuring 0.50 mm in thickness were prepared by heat-press casting and layering. The L*, a*, and b* values of the specimens against simulated tetracycline tooth and black-and-white backgrounds were measured by a spectrophotometer, and color differences ΔE@*RESULTS@#The ΔE@*CONCLUSIONS@#When changing the color of tetracycline-stained teeth, 0.50 mm-thick IPS d.SIGN feldspathic veneers with an opaque layer provide better chromatic properties than IPS e.max Press LT glass ceramic veneers. However, the translucency of feldspathic veneers is generally poorer than that of glass ceramic veneers.

A randomized controlled study on color stability of tetracycline teeth restored with ceramic veneer / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to evaluate the color stability of tetracycline teeth restored with ceramic veneers of different thicknesses combined with different resin cement systems after aging.@*METHODS@#Twenty patients with tetracycline teeth, including two maxillary central incisors, were selected clinically. The patients were randomly divided into four groups and restored with 0.5 and 0.75 mm ceramic veneers by using a veneer adhesive system, either with light-cured or dual-cured reaction. The color difference (ΔE) values after cementation and 1, 6, 12, and 24 months of use were obtained by quantification of L*, a*, and b* values with a colorimeter. The results were analyzed statistically with two-way ANOVA and Student's @*RESULTS@#The ΔE values of ceramic veneers detected after aging were less than 2.25. The 0.5 mm groups exhibited greater color change than the 0.75 mm-thick veneers (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Resin cements and veneer thickness influence the color of ceramic veneers after aging. Cementation of veneers with either dual- or light-cured resin cements does not affect the long-term color stability of tetracycline teeth differently.

Health risk assessment of multiple antibiotic residues in meat and meat products in Shanghai from 2016 to 2020 / 上海预防医学

Objective:To determine the current status of multiple antibiotic residues in meat and meat products in Shanghai based on a 5-year surveillance， and perform the health risk assessment. Methods:We performed the examination in accordance with the Manual for National Food Contamination and Harmful Factor Risk Monitoring， and conduct health risk assessment according to the national limit standards on the monitoring data of 2016‒2020. Results:The total detection rate of multiple antibiotics in meat and meat products in Shanghai was determined to be 16.03%， in which the total unqualified rate was 1.97%. Moreover， the detection rate of quinolones was 2.78% and its unqualified rate was 0.83%. The unqualified rate of loxacin in cooked meat products was 2.12%. The detection rate of tetracyclines was 17.06% and its unqualified rate was 0.34%， in which the highest detection rate was identified in doxycycline （11.64%）. The detection rate of sulfonamides was 3.16%， in which the highest detection rate was in sulfamethazine （1.05%）. The detection rate of florfenicol was 5.15% and its unqualified rate was 0.12%. The difference of ofloxacin residues between diverse food categories （χ2=17.44， P<0.05） and processing links （χ2 =14.10， P<0.05） was statistically significant. In addition， the sum amount of ofloxacin， enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in cooked meat products was higher than other food categories； the unqualified rate and residual amount of ofloxacin available in online stores and catering links were both higher. The residual amount of doxycycline and the unqualified rate in the online store link were significantly higher than those in other links. Based on preliminary assessment， the high exposure values in the 97.5 percentile of meat and meat products accounted for a very low proportion of the corresponding acceptable daily intake （ADI） and posed a low health risk to the population. Conclusion:The total detection rate of tetracyclines in meat and meat products is relatively high， which obviously accumulates in the offals of livestock and poultry. In addition， some antibiotics， such as ofloxacin and doxycycline， are relatively high in catering and online stores. It is recommended to strengthen the supervision of quinolones in cooked meat products， especially ofloxacin， enrofloxacin， and ciprofloxacin， and improve the supervision of doxycycline in meat and meat products in online stores.

Efectividad de antimicrobianos en el tratamiento del raspado y alisado radicular en el adulto mayor / Effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of scaling and root planing in the elderly

RESUMEN Introducción: La terapia antimicrobiana después del raspado y alisado radicular en el anciano no ha sido evaluada en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente "Mártires del Moncada", de Santiago de Cuba. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la tetraciclina y azitromicina en el tratamiento del raspado y alisado radicular en el adulto mayor. Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención terapéutica, realizado entre 2018-2019, en 30 pacientes con 60 y más años y con diagnóstico de periodontitis crónica. Se crearon tres grupos con 10 casos mediante el método aleatorio simple. El Grupo 1 tratado con la técnica convencional y los Grupos 2 y 3, después de la técnica, se aplicó una concentración subgingival de tetraciclina y azitromicina respectivamente y la colocación de cemento quirúrgico por siete días. Se emplearon variables como edad, sexo, cuadro clínico, evolución de signos y síntomas al séptimo día, 1 y 3 meses, y efectividad de curación. La validación estadística fue a través de la prueba Chi-cuadrado, con un 95 % de confiabilidad y la efectividad antimicrobiana, mediante el Análisis de Varianza ANOVA. Resultados: Predominio del grupo 65-69 años y sexo femenino, persistencia de inflamación gingival en el 30,0 % del Grupo 1 al tercer mes, disminuyó la profundidad al sondaje y hubo ganancia de inserción clínica, mejorando sus medias en el tiempo. Se logró un 100,0 % de efectividad de curación en los Grupos 2 y 3. Conclusiones: Elevada efectividad de la aplicación tópica subgingival de tetraciclina y azitromicina con cemento quirúrgico, sobre aquellos tratados con raspado y alisado radicular convencional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Antimicrobial therapy after scaling and root planing treatment in the elderly has not been evaluated at the "Mártires del Moncada" Provincial Teaching Stomatology Clinic in Santiago de Cuba. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of tetracycline and azithromycin in the treatment of scaling and root planing in the elderly. Method: Quasi-experimental study of therapeutic intervention, carried out between 2018 and 2019, on 30 patients with the age of 60 and over and diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Three groups with 10 cases were created using the simple randomized method. Group 1 treated with the conventional technique and groups 2 and 3, after using the same technique, a subgingival concentration of tetracycline and azithromycin was applied respectively and surgical cement placement for 7 days. Variables such as age, sex, clinical picture, evolution of signs and symptoms at the seventh day, 1 and 3 months, and healing effectiveness were used. The statistical validation was through the Chi-square test, with a 95% reliability and the antimicrobial effectiveness, through the Analysis of Variance ANOVA. Results: Predominance of the group age between 65 and 69 years and female sex, persistent gingival inflammation in 30,0 % of group 1 at the third month, decreased the depth of the catheterization and there was a clinical insertion gain, improving their averages in time. A 100.0% healing effectiveness was achieved in groups 2 and 3. Conclusions: High effectiveness of subgingival topical application of tetracycline and azithromycin with surgical cement, over patients treated with conventional scaling and root planing.

Establishment of YAP1 knockdown system induced by tetracycline and its effect on the function of gastric cancer cells / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To establish a tetracycline-induced gene knockdown system and study the effect of YAP1 on the function of gastric cancer cells. Methods: We constructed pLKO.1-tetON-YAP1 knock-down lentivirus and detected the vector by enzyme digestion and sequencing. Gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 and MKN-28 were infected with lentivirus, and YAP1 knocked-down gastric cancer cell lines induced by DOX were established. The mRNA level of YAP1 was detected by RT-qPCR, and the protein level of YAP1 was detected by Western blotting. Cell proliferation was detected by plate cloning experiment, and cell migration was detected by scratch-healing assay and Transwell assay. Results: The results of double enzyme digestion showed two bands at 6 000 bp and 3 000 bp, and that the sequencing results were consistent with the designed shRNA sequence. In the DOX-induced group, the mRNA and protein levels of YAP1 in gastric cancer cells infected with pLKO.1-tetON-YAP1 lentivirus significantly decreased compared with those in non-induced group. In the plate cloning experiment, the number of clones in shYAP1 groups decreased significantly after DOX induction, but there was no significant change in the non-induced group. Scratch-healing assay and Transwell assay showed that after DOX induction, the cell migration ability of shYAP1 groups was inhibited, but without significant change in the non-induced group. Results: We have successfully established a tetracycline-induced lentivirus system, and knocked down YAP1 gene of gastric cancer cells with this system. The proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells are inhibited by YAP1 in this tetracycline induced lentivirus system.

New antibiotics against bacterial resistance / Nuevos antibióticos contra la resistencia bacteriana

The evolution of bacterial resistance is generating a serious public health problem due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, the application of non-optimal doses, the irregularity in the taking of medicines sent by the health professional, factors that have affected the increase in the rate of antimicrobial resistance; It is important to generate strategies that contribute to diminishing it, including the rational use of antibiotics and the constant research of new therapeutic alternatives such as teixobactin, which is a product of the Gram negative bacterium called Eleftheria terrae, related to the genus Aquabacterium, is a microorganism that presents extremophile conditions, for which, a multichannel system of semipermeable membranes called Ichip was developed for its isolation. Eravacycline is a new fully synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotic of the tetracycline family, is a potent inhibitor based on the mechanism of the bacterial ribosome and exerts potent activity against a broad spectrum of susceptible and multiresistant bacteria.

La evolución de la resistencia bacteriana ha generado un serio problema de salud pública debido al uso indiscriminado antibioticos, la aplicación de dosis no óptimas, la irregularidad en la toma de medicinas prescritas por el profesional de la salud han llevado a un aumento en la tasa de resistencia antimicrobiana; por ello es importante generar estrategias que contribuyan a disminuirla incluyendo el uso racional de anitibioticos y la búsqueda constante de nuevos antibioticos. La teixobactina es un producto de bacterias gram negativas llamadas Eleftheria terrae, relacionadas con el género Aquabacterium, el cual es un microorganismo que presenta condiciones extremofilas. Para el aislamiento de este nuevo compuesto se utilizó un sistema multicanal de membranas semipepermeables llamadas Ichip. Eravaciclina es un nuevo antibiotico síntetico bacteriostatico de la familia de las tetraciclinas y es un potente inhibidor de la maquinaria ribosomal bacteriana, con una potente actividad contra un amplio espectro de bacterias multirresistentes.

Irrational Antibiotic Usage among Pediatric Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital-A Point Prevalence Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Irrational practicing of antibiotic prescribing adds up to increased morbidity and mortality of pediatric patients, especially with infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, bronchitis, etc. Objective: To determine the prevalence of irrational usage of antibiotics among pediatric patients and its effect on them. Methods: A crosssectional observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for a period of 6-months with 250 pediatric patients from various specializations. The exclusion was based on those with malnutrition, syndromes, congenital heart defects and other concomitant diseases including 80 patients. Medical and laboratory records were made use for the analysis. Results: Common age category of patients were from 0-12 months (57(22.8%)). Mean length of stay was about 6.3 (4; 1-40%). Blood culture reported Staphylococcus aureus (36.6%) to be the prominent organism. Cephalosporin (33.7%) was the commonly prescribed antibiotic class, with tetracycline (11.6%) commonly used as the prophylactic broad-spectrum antibiotic. The mortality rate due to irrational antibiotic prescription was about 37 [PR: 7.21 (1.75 to 22.59, p>0.005)]. Conclusion: Male gender was more liable to infections and mortality due to irrational antibiotic prescribing had been increased significantly in the population requiring monitoring and appropriate screening.

Anti-bacterial Effect of Chrysophyllum albidum Phyto Extract

Aims: This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Chrysophyllum albidum leaves extract on selected Gastro-instestinal bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysentariae, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. Methodology: The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol and distilled water; the concentration of the extracts employed were 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 400 mg/ml and 500 mg/ml respectively; however the leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum were screened for anti-microbial activity using the in vitro cup-plate method of agar diffusion technique with concentration of 10-5cells/ml of the selected bacteria. Simultaneously, 30 µg tetracycline and 30 µg metronidazole were used as positive control. Results: The result showed that the most active among them is Tetracycline; followed by ethanolic extract, aqueous extract, methanolic extract and metronidazole extract respectively on the tested bacteria. Conclusion: This research justifies the traditional use of the leaves of Chrysophyllum albidum for the therapeutic purposes; hence can be commercialized by pharmaceutical outfit; if not for anything but its availability and readily for human consumption.

Association between Vitamin D Status and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Adolescents

Background: Nowadays, the deficiency of vitamin D (VD) is a health problem worldwide, that affects many people including adolescentswho have type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, the role of VD in autoimmune diseases such as T1DM has been a recent interest. Aim:This study was designed to assess the VD deficiency prevalence in Saudi adolescents with or without T1DM. Methods: In this case-controlstudy, 49 T1DM and 49 control (non-DM) (N=98), age and gender-matched were enrolled. The study was carried out from May toSeptember 2017 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH). After obtaining the consent form, the blood samples were withdrawn todetermine fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in blood and VD (25OHD) in serum. Statistical analysis wasmade by SPSS version 22. Results: Data showed that 25OHD levels were significantly lower in adolescents with T1DM compared to thecontrols (49.5 ± 26.9 nmol/L vs 67.96 ± 30.03 nmol/L). In the T1DM adolescents, VD was deficient in 44.9%, insufficient in 36.7%, andsufficient in 18.4% as compared with 34.7% (deficient), 26.5% (insufficient), and 42.86% (sufficient) in non-DM adolescents. Overall, VDwas deficient and insufficient in 81.6% of the T1DM adolescents and 61.2% of non-DM adolescents, respectively. Considering sex, femalesshowed higher significance between T1DM and non-DM groups in overall groups, and in all VD level subgroups, males showedsignificance (p<0.05) in only overall groups and in insufficient VD levels. The data showed an inverse correlation between HbA1c and FBGvalues with VD concentration. While there was no correlation between both glycemic parameters with VD in non-DM group. Conclusion:The VD deficiency prevalence in T1DM Saudi adolescents was relatively high particularly in females. Therefore, screening for VD statusand supplementation in early young age should be warranted.

Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Enhancing Tetracycline Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract Phytochemical content of plant extracts can be used effectively to reduce the metal ions to nanoparticles in one-step green synthesis process. In this study, six plant extracts were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Biologically synthesized AgNPs was characterized using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The individual and combined effects of AgNPs and tetracycline against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were assessed. Ginger, onion and sidr extracts supported AgNPs formation while arak, garlic and mint extracts failed to convert the silver ions to AgNPs. The present findings revealed significant differences between the tested plant extracts in supporting AgNPs synthesis. AgNPs synthesized by ginger showed the highest individual and combined activity against tested strains followed by AgNPs prepared by sidr then that synthesized by onion. AgNPs significantly enhanced tetracycline activity (p≤0.05) against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. The results of this study demonstrated that the combination of tetracycline and biologically synthesized AgNPs presented a useful therapeutically method for the treatment of bacterial infection and counterattacking bacterial resistance.

Analysis of adverse reactions of penicillin combined with chloramphenicol and tetracycline / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of adverse reactions of penicillin combined with chloramphenicol and tetracycline, so as to provide a reliable basis for the rational clinical application of penicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline antibiotics.@*Methods@#From January 2017 to July 2018, 200 cases with adverse reactions of combined use of penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline in Yiwu Central Hospital were chosen.The clinical data of 200 cases of drug adverse reactions report were retrospectively analyzed.The gender distribution, age distribution, dosage, clinical manifestation, adverse reactions involving system, time, unreasonable drug adverse reactions happen were analyzed.@*Results@#Among the 200 adverse reactions, 51.50% cases were male and 48.50% were female, and the difference was not statistically significant(χ2=0.360, P>0.05). The age distribution of 200 cases of adverse reactions was concentrated in people aged less than 14 and more than 60, accounting for 36.50% and 41.00%, respectively.The main routes of administration of 200 adverse reactions were intravenous injection, intramuscular injection and oral administration, accounting for 38.00%, 32.50% and 29.50%, respectively.The clinical manifestations of adverse reactions in 200 cases were mainly anaphylactic shock, bone marrow suppression and dizziness, accounting for 20.00%, 18.50% and 11.50%, respectively.The adverse reactions of 200 cases mainly involved hematopoietic system, nervous system, systemic damage and skin system, accounting for 36.00%, 24.50%, 20.00% and 18.00%, respectively.The adverse reactions of 200 cases occurred within 30 min after medication, accounting for 69.50%.The unreasonable medication of 200 cases of adverse reactions mainly included unreasonable course of medication, unreasonable timing of administration, unreasonable solvent selection, unreasonable dosage and repeated medication.@*Conclusion@#Penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline class of antimicrobial agents combined application has more adverse reactions, the adverse reaction throughout children and the elderly, many involving the hematopoietic system, nervous system, clinical need according to penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline class of antimicrobial agents combined use of the laws and characteristics of adverse reactions in the aftermath of the targeted pharmaceutical intervention, so as to promote clinical rational drug use.

Analysis of adverse reactions of penicillin combined with chloramphenicol and tetracycline / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of adverse reactions of penicillin combined with chloramphenicol and tetracycline ,so as to provide a reliable basis for the rational clinical application of penicillin,chloramphenicol and tetracycline antibiotics.Methods From January 2017 to July 2018,200 cases with adverse reactions of combined use of penicillin ,chloramphenicol,tetracycline in Yiwu Central Hospital were chosen. The clinical data of 200 cases of drug adverse reactions report were retrospectively analyzed.The gender distribution, age distribution,dosage,clinical manifestation,adverse reactions involving system , time, unreasonable drug adverse reactions happen were analyzed.Results Among the 200 adverse reactions ,51.50% cases were male and 48.50%were female,and the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 ＝0.360,P＞0.05).The age distribution of 200 cases of adverse reactions was concentrated in people aged less than 14 and more than 60,accounting for 36.50%and 41.00%, respectively.The main routes of administration of 200 adverse reactions were intravenous injection , intramuscular injection and oral administration,accounting for 38.00%,32.50%and 29.50%,respectively.The clinical manifestations of adverse reactions in 200 cases were mainly anaphylactic shock ,bone marrow suppression and dizziness ,accounting for 20.00%,18.50% and 11.50%, respectively.The adverse reactions of 200 cases mainly involved hematopoietic system,nervous system,systemic damage and skin system ,accounting for 36.00%,24.50%,20.00% and 18.00%, respectively.The adverse reactions of 200 cases occurred within 30 min after medication,accounting for 69.50%.The unreasonable medication of 200 cases of adverse reactions mainly included unreasonable course of medication , unreasonable timing of administration,unreasonable solvent selection ,unreasonable dosage and repeated medication. Conclusion Penicillin,chloramphenicol ,tetracycline class of antimicrobial agents combined application has more adverse reactions,the adverse reaction throughout children and the elderly ,many involving the hematopoietic system , nervous system, clinical need according to penicillin , chloramphenicol, tetracycline class of antimicrobial agents combined use of the laws and characteristics of adverse reactions in the aftermath of the targeted pharmaceutical intervention,so as to promote clinical rational drug use.